In this work we are going to study the political category of exile related to Southern Cone military dictatorships. It also will be introduced a kind of art state of the art of the principal problem in philosophy´s field, and the epistemological bases that support this research will be clarificated, specially the concept of a priori antropológico. In order to that, it will be an aproach to the notion of exile separating it from other similar categories. The next step is (...) introducing the exile´s problema in an specific histórico-political context, to finally seek for refugee’s voices, that through their testimonies will allow an experincial approach to the probleme. (shrink)

El presente artículo da cuenta de la reflexión de Hannah Arendt sobre los campos de concentración y exterminio de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, a los que considera la principal institución del poder organizado. Su análisis gira en torno a los campos como espacios en los que se experimenta con la vida de los hombres y donde se demuestra, a su vez, que todo es posible. Este artículo pone el acento en la mirada filosófica de la autora, que vislumbra estos espacios (...) de excepción como la aniquilación del ejercicio político a partir del quiebre de la esfera pública. This article deals with Hannah Arendt´s work on Second World War concentration and extermination camps, which she considers the main institution of organized power. Her analysis focuses on concentration camps as life-size experiments on human beings’ lives, whereby it is made clear that anything can happen. This article highlights the author’s philosophical perspective on this subject, which presents these spaces of exception as involving a hiatus in the public sphere and therefore annihilating the possibility of political practice. (shrink)

A partir de la consideración de la utopía como un ejercicio crítico de la realidad instituida, nos preguntamos por una posible relación entre el cuerpo y la utopía. Para llevar a cabo esta reflexión, hacemos uso de los trabajos de Arturo Andrés Roig en torno a la utopía y a sus funciones, lo que nos permitirá ver el rendimiento político que esta categoría tiene en Latinoamérica. Así, desde el análisis del discurso utópico que desarrolla Roig, buscamos mostrar el papel de (...) la dimensión corporal como portavoz de las demandas y de las reivindicaciones en un acontecimiento particular: las protestas Mapuche que tuvieron lugar en el territorio chileno en el año 2011. From the consideration of utopia as a critical exercise on instituted reality, we wonder about the possible relationship between the body and utopia. To carry out this analysis, we make use of Arturo Andrés Roig's works concerning to utopia and its functions, allowing us to see the political performance that this category has in Latin America. Thereby, from the analysis of the utopical discourse that Roig develops, we seek to show the role of the corporal dimension as an expression of the claims and demands in a particular event: the Mapuche's protest in Chile in 2011. (shrink)

El presente trabajo busca acercarse al problema del exilio como categoría jurídico-política. Con esta finalidad, se hace un recorrido sobre la noción misma de exilio en tanto pena desde sus orígenes en el derecho romano arcaico. Interesa de modo particular ver el lugar que esta institución punitiva ha tenido en la política latinoamericana, tanto en el momento de su constitución política bajo la forma de Estado-nación, como en las últimas dictaduras militares de la región. En vistas a desarrollar un análisis (...) filosófico situado, se revisará el modo en que se instituyó jurídicamente el exilio durante los últimos periodos dictatoriales, especialmente en el caso de Argentina y Chile. (shrink)

La Segunda consideration intempestiva delimita una relación funcional con la historia: esta beneficia a la vida cuando se posiciona desde una perspectiva ilusoria, disimulada y estratégica. Se analizan dos consecuencias: la crítica de la historia como ciencia objetiva y los matices que se desprenden de considerarla como relato. Si G. Agamben ha mostrado cómo la historia surge en el intersticio que hay entre lenguaje y discurso, el debate debe orientarse al proceso por el que la subjetividad adviene a un lenguaje (...) que debe "historizar". Esto implica explorar las relaciones entre felicidad e historia como depósito de sentido y de esperanza. The Second Untimely Meditation establishes a functional relation to history: the latter benefits life when it is considered from an illusory, dissimulated, and strategic perspective. The article analyzes two consequences of this: the critique of history as an objective science and the nuances entailed by considering it as a narrative. If G. Agamben has shown how history arises in the interstice between language and discourse, the debate should focus on the process through which subjectivity acquires a language that must be "historicized". This implies exploring the relations between happiness and history as a repository of meaning and hope. A Segunda consideração intempestiva delimita uma relação funcional com a história: esta beneficia a vida quando se posiciona a partir de uma perspectiva ilusória, disfarçada e estratégica. Analisam-se duas consequências: a crítica da história como ciência objetiva e as matizes que se desprendem de considerá-la como relato. Se G. Agamben tem mostrado como a história surge no interstício que há entre linguagem e discurso, o debate deve ser orientado ao processo pelo qual a subjetividade advém a uma linguagem que deve "historizar". Isso implica explorar as relações entre felicidade e história como depósito de sentido e de esperança. (shrink)

La Segunda consideración intempestiva delimita una relación funcional con la historia: esta beneficia a la vida cuando se posiciona desde una perspectiva ilusoria, disimulada y estratégica. Se analizan dos consecuencias: la crítica de la historia como ciencia objetiva y los matices que se desprenden de considerarla como relato. Si G. Agamben ha mostrado cómo la historia surge en el intersticio que hay entre lenguaje y discurso, el debate debe orientarse al proceso por el que la subjetividad adviene a un lenguaje (...) que debe “historizar”. Esto implica explorar las relaciones entre felicidad e historia como depósito de sentido y de esperanza. (shrink)

El siguiente trabajo tiene como objetivo desarrollar la forma a través de la cual Marx, Freud y Nietzsche han pensado las causas del pathos humano —entendido éste en su doble valencia de sufrimiento y pasión— a partir de un abordaje materialista de las nociones de sensibilidad y afectividad. En consecuencia, se hará énfasis en el concepto de «sensibilidad práctica», adoptado por el joven Marx de los Manuscritos económicos filosóficos de 1844, y en el de «voluntad de poder», presente en el (...) esbozo de «la teoría de los afectos» en losFragmentos póstumos del último Nietzsche. Un encuentro que, pese a las distancias biográficas, teóricas e históricas, es posible trazar a partir del concepto de sensibilidad y que incluye a Freud como intermediario, ya que desde su perspectiva psicoanalítica, él también se ocupó de comprender la naturaleza indomable de nuestra constitución psíquica. (shrink)

It is often assumed that the capability to make inferences requires language. Against this assumption, I claim that inferential abilities do not necessarily require a language. On the contrary, certain cartographic systems could be used to explain some forms of inferences, and they are capable of warranting rational relations between contents they represent. By arguing that certain maps, as well as sentences, are adequate for inferential processes, I do not mean to neglect that there are important differences between maps and (...) sentences. Instead, the purpose of this paper is to highlight interesting distinctions that might affect the way that cartographic thinking works. (shrink)

Research agendas and academic evaluation are inevitably linked. By means of economic incentives, promotion, research funding, and reputation academic evaluation is a powerful influence on the production of knowledge; moreover, it is often conceived as a universal instrument without consideration of the context in which it is applied. Evaluation systems are social constructions in dispute, being the current focus of international debates regarding criteria, indicators, and their associated methods. A universalist type of productivity indicators is gaining centrality in academic evaluation (...) with profound effects on the content of research that is conducted everywhere. Specifically, evaluation systems based on this type of indicators are sending negative signals to scientists willing to conduct research on contextualized agendas, particularly those negotiated with non scientists. On the basis of theoretical and empirical studies documented on the specialized literature and extensive personal engagement with university research policy in Uruguay, we argue that the consolidation of evaluation practices of alleged universal validity deteriorates and discourages a type of research which is undeniably important in developing contexts. (shrink)

This work is a qualitative, exploratory study, on how the organizational culture is communicated in a Multinational Mexican company (CEMEX). It specifically analyses the creation of common meanings?culture?through formal communication. Based on an interpretative symbolic approach and using a non?obtrusive method, as is the analysis of documents (nine annual reports, two speeches by the CEO and a corporate video), a culture is discovered and an interpretation of the same is offered. For the analysis, a model was designed whose basic components (...) proceed from the assumption that the organizational culture is composed essentially of cultural substance and forms (Harrison and Beyer, 1993). Also, the ideas of Bantz (1993) were incorporated, as well as his methodology for understanding organizations, by analyzing their messages. The analysis starts from the message emitting sources up to reaching the center or content of the same through their language. In other words, the analysis begins with the form or external manifestation, up to reaching the substance or organizational ideology. This, through an examination of the vocabulary, the metaphors, the slogans, the themes and the stories, among several aspects, in order to reach the inference of meanings that can be taken as the basis or support of its culture. The study offers a different form of approach to organizations and is a case study that explores a blossoming phenomenon (the multinational is very young), which emerges and reveals itself with the investigative process. So, this is not a research for about proving a hypothesis or quantifying data, this is a discovery study. Finally, the findings reflect a possible interpretation of the culture; a picture built thanks to the language that sustains that symbolic reality called organization. (shrink)

To make the case for non-conceptualism, Heck draws on an apparent dichotomy between linguistic and iconic representations. According to Heck, whereas linguistic representations have conceptual content, the content of iconic representations is non-conceptual. Based on the case of cartographic systems, the authors criticize Heck’s dichotomous distinction. They argue that maps are composed of semantically arbitrary elements that play different syntactic roles. Based on this, they claim that maps have a predicative structure and convey conceptual content. Finally, the authors argue that, (...) despite their differences, maps and sentences can logically interact with each other through heterogeneous inferences. These considerations not only challenge the view that conceptual content and inferential processes necessarily involve linguistic representations; furthermore, they provide a new perspective for thinking about maps, their semantics and syntax, and their interaction with linguistic systems. (shrink)

Since Tolman’s paper in 1948, psychologists and neuroscientists have argued that cartographic representations play an important role in cognition. These empirical findings align with some theoretical works developed by philosophers who promote a pluralist view of representational vehicles, stating that cognitive processes involve representations with different formats. However, the inferential relations between maps and representations with different formats have not been sufficiently explored. Thus, this paper is focused on the inferential relations between cartographic and linguistic representations. To that effect, we (...) appeal to heterogeneous inference with ordinary maps and sentences. In doing so, we aim to build a model to bridge the gap between cartographic and linguistic thought. (shrink)

In “Steps toward Origins of Propositional Thought”, Burge claims that animals of different species are capable of making deductive inferences. According to Burge, that is why propositional thought is extended beyond the human mind to the minds of other kinds of creatures. But, as I argue here, the inferential capacities of animals do not guarantee a propositional structure. According to my argument, propositional content has predicates that might involve a quantificational structure. And the absence of this structure in animal thought (...) might explain some of the differences with the propositional content of human thought. (shrink)

In this article, I argue that gender is a primary cultural frame for coordinating behavior and organizing social relations. I describe the implications for understanding how gender shapes social behavior and organizational structures. By my analysis, gender typically acts as a background identity that biases, in gendered directions, the performance of behaviors undertaken in the name of organizational roles and identities. I develop an account of how the background effects of the gender frame on behavior vary by the context that (...) different organizational and institutional structures set but can also infuse gendered meanings into organizational practices. Next, I apply this account to two empirical illustrations to demonstrate that we cannot understand the shape that the structure of gender inequality and gender difference takes in particular institutional or societal contexts without taking into account the background effects of the gender frame on behavior in these contexts. (shrink)

The procedures for structuring clinical ethics case reflections in a childhood cancer care setting are presented, including an eight-step model. Four notable characteristics of the procedures are: members of the inter-professional health care team, not external experts, taking a leading role in the reflections; patients or relatives not being directly involved; the model explicitly addressing values and moral principles instead of focussing exclusively on the interests of involved parties; using a case-based rather than principle-based method. By discusing the advantages and (...) disadvantages of the proposed procedures, our paper aims to contribute to the literature on models and procedures for ethical analysis that can be used in clinical settings. It is suggested that our proposed procedures have some advantageous features when it comes to promoting health care staff’s learning to structure their thinking about ethical issues. (shrink)

Introducción al número monográfico. Un estado de la cuestión y comentarios sobre los trabajos compilados.

In this article, our aim is to take a step towards a full understanding of the notion of paraconsistency in the context of metainferential logics. Following the work initiated by Barrio et al. [2018], we will consider a metainferential logic to be paraconsistent whenever the metainferential version of Explosion is invalid. However, our contribution consists in modifying the definition of meta-Explosion by extending the standard framework and introducing a negation for inferences and metainferences. From this new perspective, Tarskian paraconsistent logics (...) such as LP will not turn out to be metainferentially paraconsistent, in contrast to, for instance, non-transitive logics like ST. Finally, we will end up by defining a logic which is metainferentially paraconsistent at every level, and discussing whether this logic is uniform through translations. (shrink)

Resumen De acuerdo con Barceló, la posibilidad de la negación pictórica constituye una prueba a favor del externismo lógico porque no depende de encontrar elementos internos en las imágenes que expresan la negación. Propongo analizar la negación pictórica en contextos de razonamiento para mostrar cómo el contenido de una imagen se determina por relaciones lógicas externas. Para ello, propongo restringir el análisis del dominio completo de relaciones lógicas externas a contextos específicos de razonamiento. Lejos de rechazar la variante externista de (...) Barceló, espero de esta forma poner a trabajar sus ideas.Since pictorial negation does not depend on internal elements, it can be conceived as an existential proof for logical externalism. This paper proposes to analyze pictorial negation in the context of reasoning by showing how external logical relations determine the content of images. I suggest for this a local externalism which narrows the analysis to specific reasoning contexts instead of the complete domain of logical relations. Far from rejecting Barceló's externalist alternative, my proposal aims to put his ideas to work. (shrink)

According to proponents of the continuity hypothesis, metaphors represent one end of a spectrum of linguistic phenomena, which includes various forms of loosening/broadening, such as category extensions and approximations, as well as hyperbolic interpretations. The continuity hypothesis is used to establish that the inferences derived from the set of linguistic expressions mentioned above result from the same or nearly similar pragmatic processes. In this paper, we want to challenge that particular aspect of the continuity hypothesis. We do so based on (...) considerations and analysis of an understudied linguistic phenomenon that we call the metaphorical uses of proper names (MPNs). We first explain how MPNs represent a unique linguistic class distinguishable from, for example, nicknames. In addition, we offer some remarks on how MPNs can be understood against the background of current debates between referentialists and predicativists about names. Our discussion leads us to conclude that MPNs are categorically different from literal interpretations of proper names. We spell out the consequences that the results of our analysis have for the continuity hypothesis. (shrink)

This article examines Brazilian writer Clarice Lispector’s contributions to the women’s pages of the newspapers Correio da Manhã and Diário da Noite between 1959 and 1961. While Lispector’s fictional output has spawned a steady flow of scholarly and academic studies from a wide array of disciplines and fields of study, her journalistic production, in particular the women’s pages she crafted under a pseudonym, has hardly received any critical attention. The “women’s page” is a fixed section in magazines and newspapers entirely (...) dedicated to women, addressed specifically to a female readership, and generally authored by a woman or a female persona. The purpose of this article is to redress this critical oversight and complement the only study so far of this corpus – Aparecida Maria Nunes’s Clarice Lispector Jornalista – by arguing that, in Lispector’s hands, these pages become spaces of potential cultural and political intervention. Through their nuanced parody of other comparable discursive spaces and their overemphasis on what is culturally constructed as feminine, Lispector’s pages perform a transvestite gesture that unsettles normative models of femininity and dislodges a heteronormative temporality predicated upon birth, marriage, reproduction, and death. (shrink)

Este relato de experiência discute um eixo de um projeto de ensino, pesquisa e extensão multi e interdisciplinar sobre educação e humanização da morte. Trata-se de ações da Psicologia destinadas à saúde mental dos trabalhadores do serviço funerário da cidade de São Paulo. A intervenção dividiu-se em duas etapas: visitas aos cemitérios, para aproximação daqueles pesquisadores à realidade e às demandas desses servidores; e oficinas com técnicas de dinâmica de grupo. Estas aconteceram por cinco meses, contaram com 130 participantes — (...) motoristas, sepultadores, “veloristas”, supervisores e gestores de recursos humanos — e tiveram como facilitadoras as integrantes da graduação e da pós-graduação em Psicologia. A análise das oficinas evidenciou, da parte dos servidores, sensibilização para suas necessidades em favor da saúde mental, percepção do valor de cuidado e humanização em suas relações profissionais e pessoais. Ademais, ações como essa realçaram a relevância de frequente acolhimento psicólogico a trabalhadores de serviços funerários. (shrink)

This volume deals with the reception of Aristotle's natural philosophy in Oxford between 1250 and 1270.

Uno de los argumentos en favor de la dependencia entre lenguaje y conceptos descansa en la premisa de que la posesión de conceptos involucra pensamientos de segundo orden y éstos, a su vez, requieren lenguaje. Este trabajo se centra en una variante de este argumento formulada por José Luis Bermúdez. Sostendré que aun cuando el pensamiento de segundo orden suponga competencia lingüística, no es necesario aceptar esa premisa. Propondré, en cambio, dos condiciones alternativas para la posesión de conceptos, la identificación (...) y la generalidad. Si bien ninguna de ellas conlleva el pensamiento de segundo orden, en forma conjunta reflejan importantes aspectos del pensamiento conceptual. (shrink)

A great number of investigations suggest that cognition involves both linguistic and cartographic representations. These researches have motivated a pluralist conception of cognition; also, they have been used to clarify how maps differ from linguistic representations. However, the computational processes underlying the interphase between both kinds of representations deserve further attention. In this paper, I argue that, despite their differences, cartographic representations coexist and interact with linguistic representations in interesting ways.

In this article, we defend that incorporating a rejection operator into a paraconsistent language involves fully specifying its inferential characteristics within the logic. To do this, we examine a recent proposal by Berto for a paraconsistent rejection, which — according to him — avoids paradox, even when introduced into a language that contains self-reference and a transparent truth predicate. We will show that this proposal is inadequate because it is too incomplete. We argue that the reason it avoids trouble is (...) that the inferential characteristics of the new operator are left unspecified, exporting the task of specifying them to metaphysicians. Additionally, we show that when completing this proposal with some plausible rules for the rejection operator, paradoxes do arise. Finally, we draw some more general implications from the study of this example. (shrink)

El siguiente artículo se propone volver sobre el año 1973, con el objetivo de relevar analíticamente las posiciones de un sector disonante al interior del peronismo revolucionario: el alternativismo. Hemos propuesto analizar sus posturas en diferentes coyunturas: el período pre-electoral y la apertura democrática en el contexto del Gran Acuerdo Nacional (GAN); el triunfo del Frejuli, la “primavera camporista” y los sentidos revolucionarios que signaron a su programa de gobierno y, finalmente, su derrumbe. Nuestro interés radica en visibilizar las posiciones (...) de sus actores, comparativamente menos conocidos al interior del peronismo revolucionario, pero con propuestas diferentes tanto respecto de las elecciones de marzo, como del regreso del peronismo al gobierno y los primeros meses de gestión. (shrink)

RESUMO Neste artigo, analiso um conjunto de seis cartões comerciais pertencentes a uma duradoura campanha de marketing da Liebig Extract of Meat Co. A análise crítica dos textos promocionais produzidos na virada do século XX oferece insights significativos sobre os mecanismos discursivos que contribuíram para a hegemonização do capitalismo burguês. Diferentemente de outras formas de publicidade, os cartões comerciais não são rapidamente descartados e esquecidos; pelo contrário, eles podem se distanciar dos produtos anunciados para se tornar parte dos discursos populares (...) de instrução em massa. Como produtos e produtores de ideologias capitalistas, os anúncios são um local privilegiado de inscrição do capitalismo e, portanto, se prestam a uma análise crítica. Minha análise mostra como os textos selecionados se baseiam e texturizam os discursos do progresso, impregnados como crenças colonialistas e desencadeando uma cadeia de ações pela qual, mesmo antes de realmente obterem os cartões, são promulgadas ações e crenças capitalistas. ABSTRACT In this paper, I analyze a set of six trading cards belonging to Liebig’s Extract of Meat Co. long-standing marketing campaign. The critical analysis of promotional texts produced at the turn of the 20th century offer meaningful insights on the discursive mechanisms that contributed to the hegemonization of bourgeois capitalism. Unlike other forms of advertising, trading cards are not rapidly discarded and forgotten; on the contrary, they can detach themselves from the advertised products to become part of popular discourses of mass instruction. As both products and producers of capitalist ideologies, ads are a privileged site of inscription of capitalism, and thus lend themselves to a critical analysis. My analysis shows how the selected texts draws on and textures the discourses of progress, inculcated as colonialist beliefs and triggering an actional chain whereby, even before they actually obtained the cards, capitalist actions and beliefs are enacted. (shrink)

1. Properties of mirror neurons in monkeys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (...) . . . 000 1.1. Action types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 1.2. Context effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 2. Is there a human ‘mirror neuron system’? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 2.1. Monkeys versus humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 2.2. Action understanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 3. The development of mirroring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 3.1. Imitation in newborns? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 3.2. Effects of experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 3.3. Effects of sensorimotor experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (shrink)

The Protein Ontology provides terms for and supports annotation of species-specific protein complexes in an ontology framework that relates them both to their components and to species-independent families of complexes. Comprehensive curation of experimentally known forms and annotations thereof is expected to expose discrepancies, differences, and gaps in our knowledge. We have annotated the early events of innate immune signaling mediated by Toll-Like Receptor 3 and 4 complexes in human, mouse, and chicken. The resulting ontology and annotation data set has (...) allowed us to identify species-specific gaps in experimental data and possible functional differences between species, and to employ inferred structural and functional relationships to suggest plausible resolutions of these discrepancies and gaps. (shrink)

A great number of investigations suggest that cognition involves both linguistic and cartographic representations. These researches have motivated a pluralist conception of cognition; also, they have been used to clarify how maps differ from linguistic representations. However, the computational processes underlying the interphase between both kinds of representations deserve further attention. In this paper, I argue that, despite their differences, cartographic representations coexist and interact with linguistic representations in interesting ways.